English Grammar

 

1] Word :-a word is a single unit of language which means something.

2] Phrase -a phrase is group of words which makes sense, but complete sense.

++A phrase often begins with a preposition:(in, after, on, with,at, for, to, etc)

3] sentence - a sentence is group of words that makes complete sense.

For example- 'morning' is a word.

      ' in the morning' is a phrase.

  'The sun rises in the morning.' is a sentence.

*Kinds of sentences*

There are four different kinds of sentences:-

i) Assertive.  ii) Interrogative. iii) Exclamatory  iv) Imperative

i) Assertive- An assertive sentence makes a statement.

+It can be of two kinds:

a) Affirmative. 

eg She is late. The Sun has risen.

 b) Negative

eg  She is not late.  The Sun has not risen.

ii) Interrogative:- An Interrogative sentence asks a question.

++Such a sentence ends with a question mark  (?)

eg What is your father ? Do you play cricket?

iii) Exclamatory :- An Exclamatory sentence shows a sudden feeling of pleasure, anger, surprise,etc.

++Such a sentence ends with a sign of exclamation (!).

eg What a shame! How wonderful! How foolish he is! What a lovely flower!

iv) Imperative - An imperative sentence is a commons , advice or request.

eg Shut the door. Help the poor. Never tell a lie.

Parts of speech 

When we speak, we use different kinds of word. They are called parts of speech.

They are- 1.Noun 2.Pronoun, 3.Adjective, 4.Verb, 5.Adverb, 6.Preposition, 7.Conjuction, 8. Interjection.

1. Noun- a noun is the name of a person, place, thing, feeling or idea.    eg - Akbar was a great king.

Kinds of the Noun:-(a) Proper noun, (b)Common noun, (c) Collective noun, (d)Material noun, (e)Abstract noun.

(a)Proper noun- a proper noun is the name of a particular person, animal, place or thing. eg - Ram, shyam, January, Sunday etc.

(b)Common noun- a common noun is a name given in common to every person, animal, place, or 

thing of the same class or kind. Eg -girl, cat, snake, river etc.

(c) Collective noun- a collective noun is the name of a number of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole. eg-crowd(bhir), army(sena), committee (samiti), mob(bhir), flock(jhund) etc.

(d)Material noun- a material noun is the name of a material substance. eg:- water, wood, wool, brass, flour etc.

(e)Abstract noun:-an abstract noun is the name of some quality state, feeling or idea that we can only think of or feel but can't see or touch. eg - goodness, kindness, darkness, bravery, poverty etc.

●According to Modern Grammar, three types of the Noun:-a) Proper Noun b) Countable Noun c) Uncountable noun.

b)Countable Noun

2. Pronoun- a pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

Or, a pronoun stands for a noun. Rohan is a boy.he is a good boy.(he=pronoun ).

Kinds of the Pronoun:-(a) Personal pronoun (b) Possessive pronoun (c) Reflexive pronoun (d) Emphatic pronoun (e)Demonstrative pronoun (f) Indefinite pronoun (g)Distributive pronoun (h)Reciprocal pronoun (i) Relative pronoun (j)Interrogative pronoun.

a) Personal pronoun:- we, you,he, she,it and they are called personal pronoun. Three types of personal pronoun:-(i) first person- i and we(ii)second person- you (iii) third person- he, she, it, they.

b)Possessive pronoun:- The pronoun is used to show possession is called a possessive pronoun. eg-mine, ours, yours,hers,his, thiers. Only "his" is possessive pronoun and Possessive adjective.

c) Reflexive pronoun:-The pronoun myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself and themselves are called Reflexive pronoun when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject. eg-I hurt myself. We can help ourselves. She ruined herself.

d) Empathetic pronoun:-